We consider the Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) model to predict the evolution of lithium concentration in the solid c ± s (x, r, t), lithium concentration in the electrolyte c e (x, t), solid electric potential ϕ ± s (x, t), electrolyte electric potential ϕ e (x, t), ionic current i ± e (x, t), molar ion fluxes j ± n (x, t), battery core temperature T 1 (t), and surface …